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The possessing noun is typically placed before the other and marked as genitive with an ending of "-'s" Verb stem “dūc-” lead vs.When the relationship between two English nouns is defined by one's possession of the other, NOTE: Final -u is regularly long for words of more than two syllables perfect ending: audīvistīĢnd person plural passive ending: mittiminīģrd decl. present caperis)(See Verbs 3 note)Īdverbs formed from 1st/2nd decl. Nominative singular: 1st declension: puellaĬapēris (vs. Genitive Plural: 2 syllable ending: long -ārum, -ōrum, -ērumĪccusative plural: -ās, -ōs, -ēs, -ūs, -ēs

*except: 3rd declension consonant stem -e (all with short “e”) By Part of Speech: Nouns/AdjectivesĪblative Singular: long -ā, -ō, (3rd declension -i stem) -ī, -ū, – ē “sum:” esse, es, est, estis, eram, erō, etc. present passive indicativeĭūceris (short”e ” “i” in other forms) (See Linguistic Rules #11)

this does not apply to exceptional forms or the stem vowel of “sum”:ģrd conjugations 1st sing. Habeās (subjunctive)(“e” shortens: II above) “i” before a personal verb ending is more often short (because usually added by Linguistic Rules #12)Įxcept for 4th conjugation verbs (which are long (-ī” stem).

“a” and “e” as a regular vowel before a personal verb ending are usually long the vowel before a “v” perfect is long.ģ. The “a” in the “bā” suffix is long except where it shortens ( II above).Ģ. The vowel before the imperfect -bā- suffix is always long. Verbs: 2nd person plural active: short -tis By Part of Speech: Verbsġ. *except: 3rd declension consonant stem short -e The vowel stem on 1st (-ā-), 2nd (-ē-) and 4th (-ī-) conjugation verbs is long except where it shortens by these rules. Final -ī, final -ō, and final -ū are regularly long (always for words of more than two syllables).ĭūcō (present active) but dūco r (present passive)Īmor (nom. (CTRL+space bar always gets you back to the default font if you get stuck in a different font). Click on “insert.” If you will be doing a lot and want to set up a macro CTRL+SHIFT+(vowel) is a good short-cut key (e.g. Tahoma normal) until you see the appropriate letter with the long vowel mark. To enter macrons on the computer (MS word): In the Insert Menu, select Symbol scroll down in most any of the fonts (e.g. PoetryĬlassical Latin poetry is based on patterns of syllable quantity (not rhyme schemes or patterns of stress accents). ōs (“mouth”), puella (nominative case) vs. Some words or forms of words in Latin are differentiated only by vowel length: os (“bone”) vs. AccentĪccent in Latin is determined by the quantity of the next to last syllable. Including the macrons is also like including the accidentals (sharps and flats) in music or using training wheels on a bicycle. short e (ε “epsilon”) and long o (ω “omega”) and short o (ο “omicron”). Greek has different letters for long e (η “eta”) vs. English sometimes uses a final “magic e:” man vs. Different languages express this difference in different ways. Macrons (long vowel marks) are a guide for pronunciation, indicating the difference between long and short vowels. Rules by Part of Speech: Nouns/Adjectives Copernicus De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium.Characteristics of Post-Classical Latin.Building Vocabulary through Word Formation: Prefix in- (adjective).Latin Vocabulary Building Through Word Formation: Prefix re.Building Vocabulary through Word Formation: Prefix pro.Building Vocabulary through Word Formation: Prefix per.Building Vocabulary Through Word Formation: Prefix e-/ex.Building Vocabulary through Word Formation: Prefix con.Building Vocabulary through Word Formation: Prefix ad.Vocabulary Building through Word Formation.Summary of Latin Noun and Adjective Endings.Nouns, Pronouns, and Adjectives in Latin.Guidelines on Questions and Answers in Latin.Pronunciation, Syllable Division, and Accent.